Andy White Anthropology
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Founder of American Nazi Party Conspicuously Absent from Ancient Artifact Preservation Society's Video Invitation to Teachers and Students

8/30/2016

56 Comments

 
I wanted to take a moment and inform the Ancient Artifact Preservation Society (AAPS) that it seems to have forgotten to include Frank Joseph (formerly Frank Collin, founder of the National Socialist Party of America) in the video promotion it produced for its upcoming "Conference on Ancient America."  While Joseph is on the poster for the event, his presentation (unlike the other thirteen on the program) wasn't included in the video.  Surely it's just an oversight, as Joseph is a well-known figure in the "fringe" history world.
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Or maybe it wasn't an accident.

Both the AAPS and Ancient American Magazine (a co-host of the event) embrace hyperdiffusionism, arguing that similarities in cultural attributes (such as technology, architecture, religion, etc.) are attributable to "diffusion" from one culture to another: similarity indicates a common source. Embedded within hyperdiffusionism is the assumption that ideas and traits diffuse outward from "higher" cultures to "lower" ones.  

The idea that societies and "civilizations" can be progressively ranked on some scale of achievement (and the technological differences between those societies are the result of inherent biological constraints) was relegated to the garbage can of bad ideas by early twentieth century scientific anthropologists. It got tossed out not because it was politically incorrect, but because it was factually wrong. The notion of "progressive social evolution," used by European colonial powers to justify the subjugation of indigenous peoples around the world, unfortunately, didn't die off completely.  The German Nazis embraced it along with hyperdiffusionism as part of their program to use prehistory to support their racist and expansionist agenda and propaganda (see this 1990 paper by Bettina Arnold). Hyperdiffusionism remains alive today, not-so-subtly submerged in all kinds of nonsense claims about Atlantis, white gods, a "megalithic culture," etc. Not surprisingly, in most cases it is "white" cultures that are put forward as "higher."

The AAPS video pitch includes, among other things, an offer of free conference registration for "active students and teachers."  In typical Xplrr fashion, they also throw in typos for no additional charge:

"History Hunters From Around The Globe Meet In Michigan. THIS IS BIG and IF YOU want the TRUTH about HITORY then this is the place to be."

What kind of "truth" are they peddling? I'm not familiar with the work and ideas of many of the people speaking at the AAPS conference, but I would be very surprised if classic hyperdiffusionism isn't an important component of many of the presentations. That's what makes it interesting that the one presenter of the bunch who has actual, high level ties to organized Nazism is absent from the AAPS video. Where is Frank Joseph?

As I've written before, belief systems matter when you're operating outside of a scientific framework.  When ideas and evidence are not subject to attempts to falsify, when you think you already know what the answer is and you're content to pick pieces that seem to help you complete the puzzle, you're not doing science. And you're not going to be producing any "truth" that will withstand scrutiny. In that case, what you believe is very important to the story you're telling. 

If I was a high school teacher trying to get my students interested in ancient history . . . I wouldn't touch this thing with a ten foot pole. Imagine trying to explain to the principal why you encouraged your students to go listen to the founder of the American Nazi Party talk about his interpretations of prehistory. What a nightmare. Maybe that's why Joseph isn't in the video.


56 Comments

Sword 14: A "J" Sword with a Twist (by Peter Geuzen)

8/29/2016

28 Comments

 
This is a guest blog post contributed by Peter Geuzen.  Peter is familiar to fans of #Swordgate as the producer of numerous illustrations documenting the proliferation of Fake Hercules Swords since last December. I'll get the Fake Hercules Sword page and database updated in the next couple of days. I'm hoping that Peter puts together a new #Swordgate poster soon. In the meantime, please enjoy his analysis of Sword 14!

The fourteenth sword came in under the radar and I felt compelled to jump on it. Without further ado, here it is:
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The Nova Scotia eBay sword (Sword 14).
Like the very first sword, Sword 14 hails from Nova Scotia.  Keeping with our establish naming scheme but trying to avoid confusion, let's call this one "Nova Scotia eBay." This will be the fourth example with a connection to the Canadian Maritimes, the ‘go to’ region for Fake Hercules Swords!
 
The background story is generally in line with both what we know and what we assume. The sword was bought on vacation in Rome in 1988 from an antiques market vendor in the tourist zone close to the Vatican. It was sold as a supposed antique, with the dealer saying turn of the century or Grand Tour era. It was the only one in the shop and the only one seen on the trip. Knowing the purchase year is helpful because it aids in fine tuning the database. We now have six with confirmed original purchase dates and locations, with 1988 being the second oldest (the original purchase locations are tellingly limited to Pompeii and Rome).
 
Compared to the swords already in the database, the general matching physical qualities are obvious. The casting is a little rough and the verdigris patina is heavy and slightly worn from high spots. The patina is not worn so much, however, that burnished brass/bronze is showing. The bivalve mold seams are clearly visible and look similar to other database examples including Nova Scotia (Sword 1). There are signs of coarse grinding and filing to smooth out the seam burs. The blade is a thick, dull, uneven rectangular cross-section shape, and clearly not functional.
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Sword 14: front.
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Sword 14: back.
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Sword 14: front of hilt.
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Sword 14: back of hilt.
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Sword 14: left side of hilt.
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Sword 14: right side of hilt.
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Sword 14: front of blade.
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Sword 14: back of blade.
There is one key physical point to note, and one distinct anomaly not seen before. The key feature is the backwards "J" on the back of the blade. The new anomaly is a distinct circular spot also on the back of the blade.
 
Sword 14 falls into Type J based on the salient "J" mark. The backwards J is a casting mold anomaly already seen in four previous examples: Nova Scotia (Sword 1), Florida (Sword 2), Italian eBay (Sword 4), and France (Sword 6). As noted, the backwards J is on the back of the blade and not the front like the others, so let's call it subtype "(r)", for "reverse."

There are a couple possible reasons for the J being on the back. Assuming new molds were made periodically or old molds were retrofitted into new models, and assuming that the bivalve components may have come in two parts, one for the blade and one for the hilt, perhaps blade halves were accidentally reversed, from one model to the next. Similarly, maybe an accident caused a mold to break at the splice and the repair accidentally reversed the blade halves. Conversely, maybe a new mold version reversed the blade halves on purpose to hide the obviousness of the J. Without more data it’s hard to say if there is a chronology of blade mold variations directly within the J group. It’s clear, however, that there must have been a time step where the blade component was reversed, and thus there are time steps with the J on the front, either earlier or later, or possibly both, than the J on the back.

 
The other anomaly of interest is the relatively distinct spot on the back of the blade which is slightly proud or almost embossed looking due to the way brighter patina encircles it. This is unique so far in the database. If it needs a name, maybe the Jupiter spot works. I was hoping it was a Spanish Maravedi coin stuck to the blade, but no such luck. On the front of the blade in reverse to the Jupiter spot, there is some wavy roughness and loss of thickness. Possibly some contamination or foreign material in the mold, or some other quality control issue would result in these anomalies. There is also a chance it is actually an after-the-fact patch.
 
Other minor characteristics are irregular shape near the tip and along blade edges, plus a small distinct dot beside the backwards J. There is a subtle match to the ridge line seen mid-blade in other examples in the same group. There are a couple of pitted marks on the back of the hilt, similar to random examples seen on other swords, which are likely caused by foreign bits of debris or simply bubbles trapped in the casting process.     
 
Some initial research testing of Sword 14 has already been done. Testing of the alleged magical lodestone compass properties that would make the sword an authentic “ancient ocean navigational device” was undertaken using two methodologies. Firstly, using multiple redundant pieces of testing equipment (i.e., all the fridge magnets I could find), no magnetic qualities were determined that would pull you northerly with a firm grip on the sword, while sitting on or in a period replication of land or sea travel (i.e., an old skateboard or my inflatable beach lounge chair). Secondly, using a hydrostatic flotation platform (i.e., scrap plywood), the sword was placed in a hydraulic testing flume (i.e., my bathtub), upon which the entire assemblage did not spin to point the hilt north but rather it sank. Increasing the buoyancy of the flotation platform may be attempted with future efforts if more funding becomes available – fingers crossed that my research grant application pans out.
 
If you disagree with this summary analysis, then Sword 14 can be yours by sending me a certified check for $10,000, the same bamboozle price applied to Sword 1.
 
Database Entry:
 
Sword Number: 14
Sword name: Nova Scotia eBay
Type: J(r) (J with blade faces reversed)
Material: copper alloy (assumed brass)
Total length: 46cm
Blade length: 28.5
Hilt length: 17.5cm
Proximal blade width: 42mm
Mass: 1220g
Original purchase date: 1988
Original purchase location: Rome, Italy
28 Comments

Detailed Images of the Frioacero Sword (Fake Hercules Sword 15)

8/26/2016

12 Comments

 
Pablo Benavente obtained these great images of the Friocero Sword (Sword 15) from the sword's owner. There are a lot of things to look at here in comparison to the other swords.  Unfortunately for me, I don't have time to do a close inspection right now.  I thought the best thing to do would be to just make the images available so that those of you out there in Swordgate land can have a look. Enjoy! 
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Sword 15: front.
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Sword 15: back.
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Length of Sword 15.
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Sword 15: front of hilt.
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Sword 15: back of hilt.
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Sword 15: casting anomaly on side of head.
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Sword 15: left side of hilt.
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Sword 15: right side of hilt.
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Sword 15: blade width.
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Sword 15: front of blade.
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Sword 15: back of blade.
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Sword 15: weight in pounds.
12 Comments

Behold Fake Hercules Sword Number 15: The Frioacero Sword (by Pablo Benavente)

8/24/2016

26 Comments

 
This is a guest blog post contributed by Pablo Benavente.  As a #Swordgate enthusiast, Pablo has made several significant contributions to locating, documenting, and understanding an ever-growing assemblage of Fake Hercules Swords. In real life, he is an architect and photographer. 

Nueva Espada Romana!

As many of you, I have been following the #Swordgate drama since the beginning. I have used my Spanish speaking skills to collaborate with the investigation and have found a couple of  them. I did a quick search over lunch about two weeks ago and . . .  Behold: Sword 15!

The online magazine Red Historia was one of many online outlets that published a story about the "Roman sword" allegedly found in Nova Scotia. When they tweeted the link to their story, Twitter user @Frioacero tweeted back: "It looks a lot like this one "discovered" by me in Pompeii. Can also be  found on Ebay". 
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When I asked if he could share some details about his sword, @Frioacero told me "It was bought in Pompeii on a small souvenir store around 2006."

I've been promised more photos that will be useful to compare this sword to the others in the Fake Hercules Sword database, but for now there is just the photo from Twitter.


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The Frioacero sword (Sword 15).
Given what we know, I think that these swords were most likely manufactured to be sold to visitors to the National Museum of Archaeology or the Vesuvius National Park.  In order to increase the appeal of the souvenir, someone might have invented that it is a copy of an existing sword in the Museum, giving birth to the legend that there is an "original in the Naples Museum." No-one has produced any evidence that an "original sword" actually exists in the museum.

Two notes (Andy White):
  • I assigned Sword 15 to Type CS based on what appears to be a "clean" blade (missing the casting anomalies of Type J) that is short in length. I'm guessing it is a copper alloy sword based on the patina.
  • Alert #Swordgate aficionados will have noticed that we skipped over Sword 14. That number has already been assigned to another recently discovered sword, a post about which is currently in the works. 
26 Comments

"Forbidden Archaeology" Website Up, Other Plans Continue to Develop

8/22/2016

6 Comments

 
And now the semester really begins. This is the first full week of classes and at some point I'm going to have to get my act together and start leaving myself time to pack a lunch in the morning.

The website that we'll build during the Forbidden Archaeology course is up and running here. That site is where the student blog posts and projects will go, though there is still quite a bit of time before those will begin being added. I created a section of the site called "Synopsis of Activities" which I plan to use to post a blurb about each day's class. I'm not planning on writing a blog post every time the class meets, but it will be helpful, I think, to provide a summary about what's going on both for our benefit here and for yours. Who actually ever reads the syllabus, anyway?

Jim Vieira has made his arrangements for air travel, and as far as I know everything is moving along as scheduled for his visit. I'm looking forward to meeting with Vieira and I think it will be a lot of fun to have him interact with the class. He and I have never met before and have only spoken on the phone once. If I understand our email exchanges accurately, his visit will involve at least some consumption of malt liquor and, possibly, heckling a Trump rally if we're able. While I'm not yet sure about all that, I do at least know what time I'm supposed to pick him up at the airport. 

I've cashed out the now-irrelevant Scott Wolter travel fund. With the blessing of those that donated, I'll roll that money over into the fund I set up to support Vieira's travel. Vieira is paying for his own air travel and I've got the hotel covered on my end (through a very generous local gift), but I'll still need to feed him something, I'm expecting, and there will probably be some other out-of-pocket expenses.
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6 Comments

"Forbidden Archaeology": Some Data From Day 1

8/19/2016

23 Comments

 
This morning was the first meeting of my Forbidden Archaeology course. I had the students (n = 18 in attendance today) anonymously fill out simple "pre-course" questionnaires to help me gauge something about their level of familiarity with the various non-mainstream claims about the past that we'll be discussing. It was one of the first things I did other than turn on the lights and make sure I was in the right classroom. In other words, my blathering didn't influence them at all. Here are some of the results.

They're Not Watching What's on The History Channel

Each student described his/her familiarity with four television programs (America Unearthed, Ancient Aliens, Search for the Lost Giants, and the classic In Search Of . . .) using an ordinal scale going from "I've never heard of it" to "I've seen every episode." Ancient Aliens was the clear winner in terms of familiarity, with over half of the students reporting that they'd seen at least one episode. Several students had heard of America Unearthed and Search for the Lost Giants, but only a few reported actually watching an episode. Almost as many students reported familiarity with In Search Of . . . (which ended production in 1982) as with Search for the Lost Giants. 

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It's pretty clear that the students in the class aren't watching what's on The History Channel. These results are consistent with informal polls I've taken in my classes in the past. Asking for a show of hands of "who has watched this?" and "who knows about this show?" has produced little positive evidence that these programs are penetrating into traditional college-age markets. I just don't think people in their twenties are paying much attention to them. 
Most of Them Have Heard of Atlantis, but . . .

I gave the students a list of some things that we'll be discussing over the course of the semester, asking them to simply circle the ones they were familiar with. Not surprisingly, Atlantis was familiar to most of the class. Downhill from there, the majority of the students had heard of the Knights Templar (not necessarily in connection with current "fringe" claims about them, however) and the "Mound Builders." Recognition of terms connected to giants was at less than fifty percent. A smattering of students had heard of some of the terms associated with current claims for pre-Columbian transoceanic contact. Lemuria and OOPArt struck out completely.
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So that's where we're starting. It doesn't look like this group of students has paid a lot of attention to the stuff on TV, and most of them are not familiar with many of the basic ideas and things we'll be discussing. I'll be interested to find out what they find compelling (or not, as the case may be) about engaging with the various claims we'll be talking about.

Next week we'll be talking about science vs. pseudoscience, how archaeology can be done as a science, and what constitutes archaeological evidence. And I'll be giving them a whirlwind 45 minute tour of the "mainstream" view of human prehistory and history, from hominin origins 5-7 million years ago to the Industrial Revolution.
23 Comments

"Forbidden Archaeology" (ANTH 291): A Nearly Complete Syllabus

8/17/2016

10 Comments

 
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My Forbidden Archaeology class will have its first meeting this Friday morning. As usual, I've waited until almost the last minute to attempt to finalize the syllabus. But that attempt has now been made, and I still have a day to spare. Go me. 

As anyone who has ever created a syllabus from scratch knows, there comes a point when the rubber meets the road and you have to cease thinking vaguely and start nailing down the specifics. I've still got a few more nails to drive in (you'll notice some "TBA's" in the day-by-day readings, and I'm still working on a couple of additions to the guest list), but this is more or less what we'll be driving this semester. Yes, I know I'm mixing metaphors. It's been a long day. One of my kids woke me up at 2:30 and then again at 3:30 and I wasn't able to get back to sleep afterwards. 

I got several offers of guest participation that I won't be able to fully capitalize this time around. If you emailed me about the class and I haven't gotten back to you yet, I sincerely apologize. As I've mentioned before, the students will be writing several blog posts. I hope that several of you that I was not able to include as formal "guests" of the class will perhaps be willing to work with one or more students individually. I'll be in touch!

Finally, I'm sure some of you out there will, for whatever reasons, be unhappy with what the students will be reading. And I'm sure some of you will tell me about it. Keep in mind that I did not chose readings to provide "answers." I chose them to illustrate points, show contrasts, spark questions, and provoke arguments. While we will be discussing and dissecting some of the readings quite closely in class, others are there simply for background. I'll learn a lot about what works well and what doesn't as I get to know the students and we work our way through the course.  

Stay tuned!

10 Comments

What's the Value of a Mound? A Current Dispute in Wisconsin

8/12/2016

7 Comments

 
This is going to be a short blog post just to pass on an interesting and important story that I became aware of this morning through a post in the Cultural Resource Management Group on LinkedIn. The story involves a legal dispute over the investigation and destruction of a protected prehistoric effigy mound that is located atop commercially valuable sand and gravel deposits. The mound, the last surviving component of the Ward group in Dane County, was designated as a protected burial location under Wisconsin's 1985-1986 burial sites preservation law (statute 157.70). This 2014 piece in Indian County provides a good deal of background.

One of the issues in play is the determination of the presence/absence of human remains in the mound. The mound was designated as a burial site based on what is known, in general, about effigy mounds (i.e., that they usually contain human burials). As far as I can tell, there is no direct, site-specific evidence of the presence of human remains in the mound. The owner of the land on which the mound is located, Robert Shea of Wingra Redi-Mix, Inc., alleges that the designation of the site as a burial location is therefore incorrect. Shea points to the results of a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey that did not demonstrate the presence of human remains as evidence that human remains are absent, and argues that he should be allowed to destroy the mound to quarry what's beneath it. Shea's case has apparently now become an issue in the Wisconsin Legislature, where new legislation is being crafted to circumvent the burial sites preservation law (watch this video on YouTube and check out the handy pdf from August 2 available on this Facebook page).
Anyone familiar with the capabilities of GPR will understand immediately the flaw in the expectation that radar would reliably provide positive evidence of human remains if they were present in the mound. GPR relies on contrasts in electromagnetic properties to identify the presence of different materials, changes in sediments, buried objects, etc. GPR is used routinely to successfully and non-invasively map large things like buried stone walls and underground storage tanks. It often works well for locating human remains in historic-period cemeteries where burials were contained within coffins (the surfaces of which cause the GPR's beam to bounce back and register a contrast). If you're looking for things that are small and/or contrast very little with their surrounding sediment matrix (such as highly-decomposed human burials that were interred in the mound fill without coffins), GPR is not a great tool. You can increase the chances of success of detecting small and/or faint things by using a high frequency antenna, but then you lose depth penetration. 

In short, I would never rely on GPR data to conclude that human remains are not present in this mound. I doubt many archaeologists will disagree with me on that (let me know if you do). If you understand geophysics and the nature of archaeology and the archaeological record, you understand that there is no non-invasive technique that you could use to rule out the possibility of human remains in the mound. Under the 1985-1986 law, it seems the matter would be put to rest if the presence of human remains was positively demonstrated. Native American stakeholders are apparently opposed to any excavation of the mound. And what would such an excavation entail, anyway? How many square meters would you have to investigate to prove that human remains were not present? You can't really prove a negative without excavating the whole thing.

The battle over this mound has been going on for some time. I plan to watch it carefully now that I'm aware of it. As an archaeologist and an empathetic human, the issue of "what the mound is worth" is an easy one for me to make. Putting aside the impossibility of proving a negative, preserving the mound in any case is worth more than the private profits of a quarry company. I don't know a lot about Wisconsin geology, but I'd be willing to bet that sand and gravel are not that difficult to find. Surviving effigy mounds, however, are in much shorter supply. They need to find a way to continue to protect this one and the others that remain.
7 Comments

New Paper on the Geophysics of Santa Elena

8/11/2016

2 Comments

 
I had hoped to b able to write another blog post today working through my thoughts on Appalachia, but I've had to use my available time to work on my SEAC hunter-gatherer symposium and try to get caught up on emails. I really love getting emails. I'm just not that good at answering them.

I wanted to take a few minutes and write a quick post to point out a new paper about the geophysical work that's going on at Santa Elena. Lasting from 1566 to 1587, the Spanish colony of Santa Elena was one of the earliest European settlements in the New World. The colony was placed on the same location as the earlier (1562) French outpost of Charlesfort. Although the site has been investigated archaeological for decades, only recently was one of the "missing" Spanish forts (San Marcos I) located. The story of the discovery of San Marcos I has gotten significant coverage in the regional media (e.g., here and here), and now an open-access paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science ("A Preliminary Exploration of Santa Elena's Sixteenth Century Colonial Landscape through Shallow Geophysics" by Victor D. Thompson, Chester B. DePratter, and Amanda D. Roberts Thompson) is available for those wanting more detail.

Santa Elena is a unique site for what it can tell us about early European activities and interactions in the New World. Thompson et al. (page 186) describe Santa Elena as ""ground zero" for colonial entanglements" in the mid-sixteenth century in what was later to become the United States:

". . . it was more than simply an outpost of a colonial power; it was an attempt to bring Spanish ideals and values to this portion of the New World. Over the two decades of its occupation, its inhabitants transformed this location into a European town replete with a concejo (city government), soldiers, tailors, Jesuits priests, potters, and money lenders, among others (see Lyon, 1984).
    The occupation of Santa Elena did not occur in a vacuum,but rather amidst the large Native polities of the Orista and other groups that regularly interacted with the fledgling capital. In addition,Santa Elena was also embedded within a world system of global politics and its concomitant struggles to make claims and control resources in their expanding exploration and conquest (see Lyon,1984;Hoffman,1990,2001)." 


Happy reading!
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Drawing of Fort San Marcos I, built in 1577 and abandoned in 1587.
2 Comments

The Earliest Known Depiction of a Banjo in North America

8/10/2016

3 Comments

 
Last week, my answer to the question "how many blog posts discussing banjos will you write in August?" would have been "zero." Today marks number three. That shows you just how hard it is to predict the future.
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This is going to be a short one. I wanted to follow up on the yesterday's discussion of who "invented" the banjo. The banjo display in the Museum of Appalachia states that "the Sweeney brothers of Appomattox, Virginia" made the first five-string banjo in this county -- in 1831." Joel Sweeney was a minstrel performer who popularized the banjo among white audiences.

I'm still trying to figure out exactly what Sweeney is being credited with "inventing," since African American banjos that pre-date Sweeney had the same basic design as the "modern" five-string banjo: a membrane stretched over a skin, a stiff neck, and several strings, one of which was a "drone" string. Was it that Sweeney used a wooden frame instead of a gourd? Or that he used a fretted neck? Or that he standardized the five-string arrangement (African American banjos had a varying number of strings)?

If we're going to give Sweeney credit for making the first banjo in the country because he used a wooden frame instead of a gourd, it seems like we should also give credit for creating a new instrument to whoever made the bedpan banjo, the toilet seat guitar, and the horse jaw fiddle that are also on display in the museum.


This painting titled "The Old Plantation" (attributed to John Rose, ca. 1785-1795) shows an African slave playing a four-string (fretless?) banjo on a South Carolina plantation.  The banjo appears to have a stretched membrane and a short drone string. As far as I can tell, it's the oldest depiction of a banjo in North America. 

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"The Old Plantation" (1785-1795).
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Close-up of the banjo depicted in "The Old Plantation."
3 Comments
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