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Frank Joseph's Nazi Past is Part of the Puzzle

9/21/2015

22 Comments

 
PictureFrank Joseph back when he was Frank Collin, founder of the National Socialist Party of America.
Frank Joseph, author of The Lost Colonies of Ancient America and an affiliate of Ancient American magazine, was born as Francis Joseph Collin. Collin founded the National Socialist Party of America in 1970, an organization perhaps most famous for its involvement in a Supreme Court case over the right to march in the majority Jewish community of Skokie, Illinois (and being subsequently spoofed in The Blues Brothers movie). Collin later went to prison for having sex with minors, was released in the mid-1980s, changed his name to Frank Joseph, and began writing books about various Old World peoples visiting the Americas before Columbus.

I didn't uncover any of this information myself.  The basic outline of the Frank Collin/Joseph story can be found in many places online, including on Wikipedia, in this piece by R. D. Flavin, and in this post by Jason Colavito. 

I'm bringing it up because I think Frank Joseph's Nazi past is relevant to his writings about ancient North America.

Joseph's (2014) book The Lost Colonies of Ancient America was reviewed by Larry Zimmerman in a recent section of American Antiquity (2015, Vol. 80:615-629) devoted to addressing popular works of pseudoarchaeology.  Zimmerman writes that Joseph

"assures readers, of course, [that unlike academic archaeology] his book has no such preconceived notions and allows for available evidence to lead where it will."

Brad Lepper wrote a short piece about Zimmerman's review for yesterday's Columbus Dispatch, highlighting Josephs' mischaracterization of how archaeologists evaluate evidence as well as the racism that underlies the nineteenth century "Moundbuilder" myth that remains important to the claims of American hyperdiffusionists today.

Neither Zimmerman nor Lepper mentioned Joseph's past as one of America's leading Nazis.  It may be that the pages of American Antiquity and the Columbus Dispatch aren't really the place to bring it up, and that's fine.  But I think it's an important part of the story and I'm not under any editorial constraints, so I'm bringing it up: Joseph's Nazi past is relevant to understanding his ideas about pre-Columbian transoceanic contacts.  I'll briefly explain why.

Lepper is correct when he writes that

"Opinions, mainstream or otherwise, don’t count for much in science. Evidence is what’s important."

It is for that very reason that I'm bringing "fringe" theorists into the class I'm planning for next fall. Ideas can come from wherever they come from, but in a scientific framework it is evidence that lets us determine whether those ideas can withstand scrutiny.  Ideas can be tested and refined through evidence-based falsification, allowing us to build an understanding in which we can have some confidence.  That's how it works.

I've found that many "fringe" writers operating outside of a scientific framework (i.e., where ideas are not subject to testing) tend to use evidence differently, often marshaling only those pieces that seem to fit into the puzzle they're imagining themselves putting together.  They think they already know what the answer is and are focused on presenting the evidence that supports that answer. Contrary bits and pieces that are inconvenient to the narrative they're assembling are ignored.  This is not generally going to produce a story about the past that is credible.

Evidence matters, but so does how you use it.  When there's no mechanism for testing an idea, the origin of the idea becomes more important because it guides what evidence you choose to include.

According to Jason Colavito's post about Joseph, Joseph's defenders claim that there is no connection between the man's Nazi past and his current assertions about the roles of Old World peoples in New World prehistory.  Really?  If you understand the history of the "Moundbuilder" myth, you may legitimately ask why some "fringe" authors are so reluctant to let it go.  Systematic, evidence-based inquiry (i.e., actual archaeology) long ago proved to most people's satisfaction that the "Moundbuilder" idea was not correct, no matter what contributed to its origin or popularity.  I can tell you that those that are still holding on to fantasies about some lost white race of "Moundbuilders" aren't arriving at that point through a careful consideration of the evidence. 

I have not read any of Joseph's books.  Based on Zimmerman's review, I doubt I will find much of interest in them.  If I ever do read The Lost Colonies of Ancient America, however, I'll do it with Joseph's Nazi past in mind.  That past is relevant to understanding what "evidence" he chooses to accept and present, and what evidence he chooses to ignore. 

In cases like this, where evidence is chosen to support rather than test an idea, the source of the idea does indeed matter.   

22 Comments
busterggi (Bob Jase)
9/21/2015 01:10:39 pm

Years ago I used to enjoy AA magazine for its weirdness factor but it just kept growing until I couldn't take it, just Archeology Magazine did when it became Biblical Archeology.

Reply
David L Ulrich
9/21/2015 02:43:57 pm

I trust then in light of this post that you will have no trouble condemning to that hot, hot, hot place all of the people who supported the man listed below and everything he did including the butchery of Jews in the Nazi V2 program...Listed below is a short list of the butchers from Germany we gave citizenship too.....

Wernher von Braun
Werner Dahm
Hermann H. Kurzweg
Konrad Dannenberg
KurtheWalter
Robert Dornberger
Heinrich Debus
Eberhard Friedrich Michael Rees
Ernst Stuhlinger
Hubertus Strughold

http://www.businessinsider.com/nazi-scientists-space-program-2014-2

I hope that when you teach the class on the NASA Space Program, you do not ignore the Nazi's among us......did I forget to mention they used the V2 and V1 to bomb London......

Reply
Andy White
9/21/2015 07:13:09 pm

Other than the fact that both situations involve Nazis doing something after they no longer wanted to be known as Nazis, I'm not sure the cases are comparable.

Reply
JM
9/22/2015 07:09:53 am

The mound builder myth will never go away for reasons that have nothing to do with racism. The biggest reason being that many things in the historical record do not match the archaeological record and that creates mystery and people love mystery. It's important for people to understand that history and archaeology are not the same thing. Another reason would be that the study of the mounds in North America started out on very shaky grounds an example would be that Squire and Davis, authors of the Smithsonian's very first publication called 'Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley' did in fact believe that evidence supported that the mounds could have been built by a different culture than that of the Native Americans. Then when John W. Powell stepped on the scene as head of the Bureau of Ethnology (known today as the National Museum of Natural History's Department of Anthropology after merging with the Smithsonian's department of anthropology) he just up an proclaims that:
"Hence it will be seen that it is illegitimate to use any pictographic matter of a date anterior to the discovery of the continent by Columbus for historic purposes"-J.W. Powell
-Bureau of Ethnology, 1881 N 01/1879-1880. pp. 73-86.
Two hundred volumes of later Bureau of Ethnology reports were built on top of and around this proclamation. The Frank Joseph nazi issue has muddied the waters and made it easy for people to skeptically play the race card but for me and many others it's all about the mystery not nazis or racist belief systems. One of the biggest mysteries to me is that the Mound Building cultures of North America barely get a mention in the history books used by the public school system here in the US.

Reply
Andy White
9/22/2015 08:23:16 am

Hi JM,

Thanks for the comment. I'll agree that the public does indeed love mystery, and I'll also agree with your last statement that we (meaning educators and our educational system) are not doing a great job educating the public about the prehistory of this country. In my opinion, those two things together (love of mystery and lack of educational effort) are one of the reasons why "fringe" ideas seem to have such a strong foothold. We know much more about the mound-building societies of the prehistoric eastern woodlands than we ever have before, and there is LESS reason than ever before to invoke the intrusion of a foreign people to explain the appearance of those cultures. The earliest known earthen mound complex in North America (Watson Brake in Louisiana), for example, dates to about 3500 BC . . . did some European or Asian people develop seaworthy vessels and go to Louisiana 5500 years ago and build earthen mounds without leaving any other trace of their presence? I'm not saying this expecting you to defend the idea, but just trying to give one example of new archaeological information that seems to falsify the idea that there was any single mound-building culture, people, or "race" in the Americas. It's much more complicated than that. The real mysteries don't involve easy answers invoking "lost civilizations," but because we're doing a poor job overall (I think) of communicating to the public, those easy answers seem attractive.

Reply
JM
9/23/2015 11:50:22 am

It's a good point you make there about lack of education combined with love of mystery. Considering that you are an educator, it's a very noble thing to say that educators and academics, like yourself, could be doing a better job of communicating with the public, but I'm not sure that's really the case because all over the U.S. I can go to amazing museums and conferences all day long and see amazing artifacts and mound complexes that have been protected, founded, put on or preserved by academics and educators. I'm not sure that all of the burden lies completely on the shoulders of educators and teachers. What we should be questioning is who wrote the curriculum?...not the teachers! Why has the prehistory of North America been cliff noted in the history books of the public school system for all of these years? Maybe the finger needs pointed in the other direction away from the public away from the teachers and professors and maybe towards the curriculum or whoever is or was responsible for writing and implementing it for all of these years?
Maybe we should be questioning if there are hints of racist notions behind why school age children haven't been taught any details about the pre history of North America and the people that lived there. Attacking a portion of the public for engaging in the entertainment value of a mystery that they never had a chance to learn about in school could just be treating the symptom not the cause.

Jason Jarrell
9/23/2015 01:11:17 pm

In response to the comments about Watson Brake, radiocarbon dating, and multiple cultures, I believe you will find that there are those of us who actually know this field.

Specifically, the contact with Chalcolithic/EBA peoples would have occurred at somewhere between 3000 and 1500 B.C., possibly manifesting in the Reigh Phase of the Old Copper Industry, the Titterington/Sedalia/Nebo Hill Phases of the Northeast, Red Ocher, and the Woodland Culture known as the Adena.

The Adena Culture has been erroneously dated for many, many decades due to slavish adherence to taxonomies and speculative timelines for cultural features assigned to the Archaic and Woodland periods. The recent discoveries of Woodland pottery dating back to 2500 B.C., 1448 B.C., 1900 B.C., 1375 B.C., etc, demonstrates on one level just how wrong the idea of predetermining an "acceptable" time span for a culture can be.

The absence of any new attempt to rectify the range of this culture demonstrates how hesitant archeologists can be to admit that they have been wrong.

Andy White
9/24/2015 10:08:36 am

If the supposed contact with Old World peoples occurred after 3000 BC, who was building earthen mounds in Louisiana at 3500 BC? Were those the same people who continued building mounds during the Woodland and later Mississippian periods? Were they the same people still living in villages with mounds when European explorers arrived?

The typologies and periods (e.g., "Adena," "Woodland") that we use to describe societies that we know about through archaeology are categories that are subject to continual revision - that's part of doing science and being able to test and adjust our ideas when new information becomes available. In order to accept the existence of a single "Moundbuilder" culture you have to be willing to ignore an incredible amount of variation across time and space. People all over the world built mounds and moved rocks at many different times and for different reasons. Some are still doing it today.

What do you think is the best single piece of evidence for the presence of Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age peoples in the New World?

Brad Lepper link
9/22/2015 07:41:09 am

Thanks for providing this important context of Frank Joseph's zany writings about America's past. The only reason I didn't include it in my column is that I didn't have the space to cover that ground at all adequately and consider Callaghan's recent paper on simulations of trans-Atlantic voyagers.

Reply
Andy White
9/22/2015 08:39:41 am

Hi Brad,

Thanks for the comment. I'm glad you agree it's relevant. After I wrote this post yesterday I read a more about Joseph's involvement in Burrow's Cave, etc. (Joseph apparently did his time in the same prison where Russ Burrows was a guard). It's a bizarre story.

Reply
David L Ulrich
9/22/2015 08:37:06 am

Not sure (but I can imagine) why jumping on Joseph is even an issue. He paid for his steps and returned to society and published many books. The Nazis of Germany paid for their steps and wound up American citizens and basically the founders of NASA. To belittle one and not the other seems a little (actually a lot) hypocritical.

Next point is Frank Joseph is an easy target. Lets pick on a harder one. Lets start with "Byron Cummings: Dean of Southwest Archaeology". This is a classic story of what happens to the best when the Smithsonian gets its tail all wound up in a knot. Are the Arizona artifacts true. Of course they are, just ask any metalologist. When a historian or archaeologist discredits the artifacts based on the atomic analysis of the lead, then I will move forward but until that is done --- they are real. Papers and documents are so easy to forge but I would think that atomic structure is a little more problematic.


Reply
Andy White
9/22/2015 08:50:41 am

Hi David.

It's the connection between white supremacist Nazi ideology and the desire to insert white Europeans into parts of North American prehistory that's potentially problematic to me. As I said above, I haven't read Joseph's books, so I can't/won't comment on the specifics of his arguments. The point of the post was that outside of a scientific framework (i.e., one where ideas are subject to falsification), the source of the idea becomes important. It's possible to build a case for almost anything by choosing only information that seems to agree with your case. Does Joseph do that? Does he attempt to falsify his ideas about pre-Columbian transoceanic contact?

As for the space program . . . I think the naturalization of technologically savvy Nazis in this country after World War II is an interesting issue to talk about, but I don't see that the comparison to Joseph is justified. I'm not sure racism affects rocket science in the same way as it does questions of prehistory that revolve around the connections between "race" and culture.

I don't know much about Byron Cummings and the Arizona artifacts. I'll look into it.

Reply
Jason Jarrell
9/23/2015 09:51:05 am

Speaking for myself and the few others I know in the field, linking the North American Mound Builders to European Tumulus Cultures has absolutely nothing to do with being racist. Neither does it depend upon any off handed remarks by E.G. Squier. The vast quantity of Antiquarian literature from the 1800s pointed to these connections. I could mention names like Stephen D. Peet, E.O Randall, and a host of others. As for the need for authorities or officialdom to lend their own opinions, I challenge readers to study Thomas Wilson's essay on the Swastika from 1896 to witness an actual Curator of Anthropology from the Smithsonian itself denouncing the "autochthonous" to "isolationist" paradigm as a "newly invented" error.

Besides this, anyone who conducts a major review of the interior contents of the burial mounds on both continents will find identical features there as well, from timber structures to tree trunk coffins to log cabin style multiple burials. Then of course there are the obvious class 1 henges found literally al over the Ohio River Valley. And we won't even get into the anthropology...

Squier was one of the first to put forth the idea that the apparent similarities between North American Mound Builders and Western European Cultures was a cosmic coincidence in 1851, when he attempted to debunk Adolph Zestermann's essay on pre-Columbian contact.

This is certainly an interesting turn of events for Squier, who was so interested in the 6,000 relics obtained during research for Ancient Monuments that he https://archive.org/stream/moundbuilders00peetrich#page/n7/mode/2up them to the highest bidder- Lord William Blackmore of Europe-for 10,000 dollars. That is quite a profit for selling prehistory, no?

Yet suddenly in 1851, Squier becomes an expert on psychology, human evolution, and cultural progression, just in time to begin assaulting the observations of those who acknowledged diffusionism.

It was not until the Powell Doctrine was subsequently enshrined and inserted into the University circuit at the turn of the century that isolationism became the standard for American prehistory.

Although I have never read anything by Joseph, I find it disturbing that his past is being used as an excuse to label people who notice the blatantly obvious similarities between these ancient cultures as "racist". I recently read an excellent book on the Old Copper Culture which ended with a particularly sour chapter suggesting that those of us who see the evidence of pre-Columbian contact are "anti-establishment extremists" for daring to question the convenient explanations offered to us by the licensed priesthood of history.

Bandying words such words is merely indicative of a strong desire to marginalize people of a specific viewpoint in order to silence them. Ironically, this is a very Nazi-like practice in and of itself, and was used to great effect by the socialists against their racial and ideological enemies.





Reply
Andy White
9/24/2015 10:25:04 am

What I'm saying is this: when "research" does not include a mechanism for testing ideas (i.e., it is not scientific), it is a fair question to ask where the ideas come from. There is no doubt that at least part of the "Moundbuilder" myth, in its 19th century incarnation, was based on the notion that indigenous Native American populations could not have built the spectacular earthen monuments that people were finding dotting the eastern woodlands. Does that notion still underlie ideas about "Moundbuilders" today? It's a fair question to ask of someone with a history of embracing white supremacist ideas.

Could there be evidence of other Old World peoples (besides Vikings) in the pre-Columbian New World? There certainly could. I haven't yet seen any evidence so far that proves to my satisfaction that Celts, or Egyptians, or Romans, or anyone else was here. What I HAVE seen is a lot of fakery and wishful thinking apparently motivated by various combinations of religion, financial gain, and who knows what else. And I've seen a circumstantial case based on some general similarities in earthen construction. Those certainly exist, but to me they don't prove much of anything.

As for Joseph "doing his time:" he served time for having sex with minors, not for being a Nazi. Being a Nazi is not illegal in this country. But it is relevant, I think, to understanding where his ideas about prehistory might come from. That's my opinion.

Reply
JM
9/24/2015 09:28:21 pm

Andy so concerning your statement about it being a fair question to ask where the ideas come from. The earliest historical references to the Mound builder/lost race myth that I can find come from Native American tradition not a white man. This link cites and references a 1775 maybe 1776 interview of Chief Cornstalk that wasn't published until 1816. The account states that:
"During this visit Captain William McKee, one of the officers
assembled there for Hand's intended campaign, had frequent
conversations with Cornstalk with reference to the antiquities of
the West, in which the old chief evinced much intelligence and
reflection. In reply to an inquiry respecting the mound and fort-
builders, he stated that it was the current and assured tradition
among his people, that Ohio and Kentucky had once been settled
by a white race, possessed of arts of which the Indians had no
knowledge that, after many sanguinary contests with the na-
tives, these invaders were at length exterminated. McKee in-
quired why the Indians had not learned these arts of those
ancient white people? Cornstalk replied indefinitely, relating
that the Great Spirit had once given the Indians a book which
taught them all these arts; but they had lost it, and had never
since regained a knowledge of them. What people were they,
McKee asked, who made so many graves on the Ohio, and at
other places ? He declared that he did not know, and remarked
that it was not his nation, or any he had been acquainted with.
The Captain next practically repeated a former inquiry, by ask-
ing Cornstalk if he could tell who made those old forts, which displayed so much skill in fortifying? He answered, that he only
knew that a story had been handed down from a very long ago
people, that there had been a white race inhabiting the country
who made the graves and forts; and, added, that some Indians,
who had travelled very far west, or north-west, had found a
nation or people, who lived as Indians generally do, although of
a different complexion."

Starting on Page 14 (labeled 258 in the text)

http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5B%5D=0021&display%5B%5D=245&display%5B%5D=262

Andy White
9/25/2015 08:26:12 am

Hi JM,

You'll notice that I linked to Brad Lepper's piece that discusses Chief Cornstalk in the original post. Where/how the "Moundbuilder" myth originated is certainly of interest, but so is why it persists today in the face of what I (and most other archaeologists) feel is the overwhelming evidence that it's simply not correct.

Jason Jarrell link
10/7/2015 08:24:27 am

Exactly the same could be said concerning the isolationist mainstream paradigm. There was no mechanism or testing of the ideas presented by Squier. He sold the artifacts he acquired to the highest bidder. They were not studied at the Smithsonian, either. J W Powell certainly did not utilize anything remotely approaching "science" when he dictated in 1879 that any evidence indicating pre-Columbian contact or even basic writing would be considered "illegitimate" and should be discarded, especially since this was 3 years BEFORE the agents began excavating the mounds. The scientific method does not entail determining what is or is not possible before an experiment begins.

SouthCoast
10/3/2015 06:11:07 pm

"And we won't even get into the anthropology..." What about the anthropology?

Reply
Andy White
9/24/2015 10:31:50 am

I have a question for you, Jason: Do you think Burrows Cave is authentic and will you be discussing it in your book? If not, why not?

Reply
Jason Jarrell link
10/7/2015 08:14:50 am

I was unaware of the cave until I looked it up following your post. I am afraid that I have not read the works of Berry Fell, whose name I noticed attached to the article on the cave. The only sites which will be mentioned in the book are those which have produced evidence on record. There is no need to look for Egypt in the Grand Canyon, the Great Pyramid in your backyard, or Atlantis off the coast of California. The cultural entities which are extensively recorded are well enough evidence.

Reply
Austin Pomper
11/5/2018 03:15:46 pm

In light of Frank Joseph (Collin) past, which I have been aware of for a long while, I still read his books and listen to his interviews and lectures. Not because I'm racist or a Nazi or anything of the sort, but because I think people can change, you see on the news and read articles about people who are Neo-Nazi's or part of a cult etc. and they get out of it somehow, hold regrets for having that mark on their past and in some cases try to get others "out" as well. To me, he doesn't appear to be racist and his Nazi past seems to be something he isn't clining too, he's spoken at Native American conferences, he's spoken and interviewed about people from Africa, the Near East and Asia coming to the Americas not just "White" Europeans. The fact that he is diffusionist doesn't hold a connection to Nazism, many scholars were and still are diffusionist, the History Channel even made a documentary on the possibility of diffusion, using the evidence of Cocaine and Tabacco in ancient Egypt and Copper of a purity only found in Michigan used in the Bronze Age as Frank himself reports in his books.
I understand his past and have accepted it, however I think he has changed from his past, many people in similar positions have changed too. What we can do now is, instead of debunking him based on his past like the individuals you've mentioned in your post have, we remain agnostic and keeping an open yet skeptical, not cynical, mind and look at the "evidence" he puts foreword in his works of which there are many. Debunking isn't acidemic, looking at the material and evidence; anecdotal, mythological, and physical and moving on from there is.

Reply
Steve
11/3/2021 07:30:29 am

As someone who has read one of Frank Joseph's books (Advanced Cultures of Prehistoric North America), I would just like to point out that he certainly does not assert any racist ideas in that book. He merely points out the obvious similarities between cultures separated by oceans. His theories are that the Adena were the Kelts, that the Hopewell were a group of Japanese immigrants, that the Mississippians were the Maya, and lastly that the Anasazi were the Huari people from Peru and the Hohokam were the Llacuz people from Peru. The connections he makes and the examples he provides to support them are brilliant. I am currently researching the theories he presented by looking into the cultures he discussed to find out if anyone else has made the same connections.

This is a guy who is merely trying to figure out the incongruities that mainstream archeology desperately clings to. Of course he is not an archeologist himself, but that's what makes him open minded enough to search for the truth. Formally educated folks tend to think inside the boxes of their fields. Mark Twain once said "I never let my schooling get in the way of my education." A degree doesn't mean that one has learned everything in the field.

Maybe during his incarceration Frank Joseph gave up his racial bias, denounced his Nazi past and decided to instead research something that interests him. It's something to think about.

Reply



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