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Friday Whatzit: Drilled Quartzite?

3/10/2017

17 Comments

 
There are lots of interesting things going on in the archaeology/anthropology world, few or none of which I will find the time to sit down and write something thoughtful about. Much of my spring break week has had me partially pinned down at home with a sick kid. It hasn't been all bad, but I'm getting antsy to get back to my lab. There are computer simulations to run, data to collect and analyze, and piles of debitage to attempt to fit back together. For better or worse, all that stuff is higher on my priority list right now than writing about someone else's work.

Anyway, I wanted to post some artifact photos I received from a reader. I don't know what this thing is. I'm curious if anyone out there has any good ideas.  First, here are the photos:
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The finder describes the artifact as being made of quartzite, found in a creek in Shelby County, Tennessee. The countersunk hole looks modern to me -- my initial thought was that maybe this was a water-worn piece of some kind of historic-period bath/kitchen fixture. Based on the photos, however, the artifact does appear to me to be some kind of quartzite or similar stone, which doesn't seem to make a lot of sense.

Anyway . . . does anyone know what this is?
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Owl #2

3/8/2017

1 Comment

 
Now that I've completed my second owl, it's evident that I will be making a third owl. There are parts of Owl #2 that I'm not particularly happy with, but the two look good together watching over our family room. Three is a better number than two, though. So I've already got a pile started for Owl #3.

I made Owl #2 more quickly than Owl #1 (sixteen hours for this one as opposed to about 25 hours for the first one). A couple of factors sped things up. First, after already making one owl, I had a somewhat accurate model of owl anatomy/proportions in my head.  That meant less time spent looking at pictures and thinking about how things would go together. Second, I was determined not to spend a lot of time representing individual feathers. After the marathon of feather cutting/welding that went into the fighting roosters, I just wasn't in the mood. 

Here is the final product:
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Owl #2.
Here is a video that shows the owl from all sides:
I made most of Owl #2 while my wife had the kids out of town for the weekend. I spent the entire Saturday finishing up the roosters, telling myself I would get other stuff done around the house on Sunday. That didn't happen: I spent the whole day working on the owl. I don't have lots of "in progress" pictures since I completed most of it in one stretch, pausing only to get some lunch and walk the dog. It was a real luxury to be able to do that. I gave the final product to my wife as a gift. Here's how I made it.

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I started assembling parts for the owl weeks ago, setting things aside that I thought would help me make what I was seeing in my head. I didn't end making anything like the owl I was picturing. In the basket, you'll see the steel rings (cut from a propane fryer) that I used to make the perch. The large green piece is a mounting bracket from an old Elgin outboard motor, the gas tank of which became the foundation for the head of my tyrannosaurus. I originally pictured that piece forming the shoulders of the owl. I didn't end up using it.  In the end, I didn't end up using most of the pieces that I had set aside.  
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This photos shows some of the pieces I thought I was going to use laid out. You can see the outboard motor mounting bracket, a section of a grater that I thought would make a good foundation for a belly, and some bicycle parts (an axle and a kickstand cut in half) that I thought would make good hips/legs. 

My original idea for the perch was to have the shorter arc stretching across and perpendicular to the C-shaped piece. I marked/cut that short piece a bit too short, however, which meant I was left with using the longer piece of the circle as the perch. It ended up working fine and, I think, probably looks better than the short piece would have.
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This photo shows construction of the body in progress. I made the lower front using a piece of cheese grater. I formed the foundation of the back, sides, and "neck" with various pieces of rods, brackets, and other odds and ends. The gear on the right shoulder is from a lawnmower engine, I think.
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This image shows the back of the owl under construction. I made the four exhaust pipes using sections cut from a hanging lamp that I rescued from a trash pile a short time ago. The lamp seemed like a good find, as it had lots of circles, curves, and semi-ornate curly parts that could be used in any number of ways. It ending up being really strange, though, because the metal is some sort of strange alloy that was very difficult for me to weld successfully. I know it's at least part ferrous metal (it's magnetic), but when I applied heat to some parts it shriveled up and turned into a pile of un-weldable garbage, like an aluminum can left in a campfire. So my big plans for using many parts of the lamp on this owl faded, as I just couldn't reliably attach the pieces. 
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The lamp. It's made of devil metal.
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The cheese grater was fine to form the base of the lower body, but by itself it didn't have enough texture. I didn't want to repeat what I did with the first owl, but I wanted something to represent the belly feathers. I put out an APB for everything in the garage with with a U-shaped curve, and end up creating a second layer with tool hangers (the kind you use with pegboard), pieces of chain link, and some U-shaped nails.

I used a heavy steel hook from the outboard motor bracket to form a curving surface on the owl's chest. 

I made the flight feathers using whatever I had that was  thin and linear that wasn't a butter knife: saw blades, rulers, other odds and ends. I created the shoulder parts of the wings using the flange from a garage disposal (cut in half) and the covering from a lawnmower muffler (also cut in half).

The angle parts of the feet made from casters I pulled off of some cribs discarded on the curb outside the Rosewood Baptist Church.
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This appears to be the only "in progress" photo I took of the head. I used the handles of an old pair of pliers to form the shape of the horns and brow. In retrospect, I wish I had cut down the length a tad more: they're just a bit long. As I was working on this (day 2) I woke up with the notion of actually giving the owl antlers. I decided, however, that I had enough on my hands at this point to bring it home as a "normal" owl. The mythological antlered owl will have to wait for another day.

The foundation of the head is another piece of a garbage disposal. I originally thought I could get the rim around the neck to conform to the shape of the body by beating it with a hammer once I got it attached. That didn't work at all. I tried heating it first using my propane torch, but even red hot it didn't want to bend very easily. The failure of heating/beating led me to cut the rim into sections so I could fold them down a bit. It ended up working fine, but it was another one of those things that I spent a lot of not-fun time on.

The top of the head is made with half of the piece of metal that covered the base of a desk lamp.
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Here's the face completed. The eyes are wheels from some kind of device that I took apart at some point (I have no idea what it was -- they were mounted on a small metal plate that said "Mabeline" [that plate became part of the head]). I used washers, pieces of chain link, and part of a padlock to sculpt the face and brow.
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Owls #1 and #2 perching on top of the corner cabinet.

I'm starting to really dislike the color of this room.

And now you are up to date.
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An Update on the Kirk Project

3/6/2017

5 Comments

 
Without thinking about it too hard, it seems like a disproportionate amount of my work on the early hunting-gathering societies of the Eastern Woodlands has been done in the company of sick children. Today's update on the Kirk Project comes to you from a crowded chair, with my typing arms constrained by the presence of a 3-year-old in pajamas watching Fireman Sam. For the full effect, play this in the background while you read this post.

I have four updates, one of which includes an apology.

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South Carolina Antiquities Paper

The first salvo of analysis related to the Kirk Project comes in the form of a paper in South Carolina Antiquities titled "A Preliminary Analysis of Haft Variability in South Carolina Kirk Points." The paper uses morphometric data from 46 Kirk points, considering shape variability in the haft regions and asking which dimensions of that variability are most likely to be linked to change through time. The majority of the points are from the Larry Strong collection (from Allendale County, South Carolina), a surface assemblage that was presumably created over a long span time of time. I compare variability in the Larry Strong points to variability in points from the Nipper Creek cache (Richland County, South Carolina), which was presumably created over a very short period of time. You can find a link to the paper on my Annotated Journal Articles page. Eventually I'll add files with the data I used in the analysis.

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Morphometric Analysis on Two Tracks

Although based ultimately on 3D models, the analysis in the South Carolina Antiquities paper was done in 2D. I will continue working with the 3D models I'm producing, finding ways to capitalize on the richness of those data. At the same time, however, I plan to pursue a large scale 2D analysis that will allow me to make use of the large amount of data that I collected for my dissertation.  I've begun organizing and posting the "rough" scaled images of Kirk points from my Midcontinental data set by state here. It will take me a while to get all those photos in order, as there are over 600.

Once the images are assembled, I will be able to extract and analyze comparable 2D shape data from all the Kirk points in my dataset. At that point, we can finally start addressing questions about patterns of Kirk variability across large expanses of space. With a system in place, it will be much easier to feed new points from other regions into the analysis. That brings me to my next update . . .

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Apologies for My Sluggishness, Alabama . . . and Tennessee . . . and Georgia . . .

As I wrote several weeks ago, a mention of the Kirk Project in the newsletter of the Alabama Archaeological Society spurred several people to contact me about their collections. I have continued to get emails, but I haven't yet started assembling them in an attempt to take advantage of the offers for help and information. Starting to get back to people is next on my "to do" list today. I truly appreciate the communication, and I apologize for not responding to everyone in a more timely manner. The  "zero inbox" grail has always eluded me. It's a personal failing.

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Processing a Large Collection from Aiken County, South Carolina

Over the holiday break, SCIAA received a large, donated artifact collection from Aiken County, South Carolina. Processing the entire collection (which has taken over much of my lab) is a long term proposition. One of our highest priorities is inventorying and labeling the Paleoindian and Early Archaic materials so that we (by "we" I mean primarily Al Goodyear, Joe Wilkinson, and myself) can include them in analyses. Look for those materials to be incorporated into the Kirk Project in the future.


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Broad River Archaeological Field School: Day 8 (3/3/2017)

3/4/2017

3 Comments

 
It is March, and we have entered pine pollen season here in the South Carolina midlands. For the next few weeks, everything will be dusted yellow. 

In more exciting news, at site 38FA608 on the Broad River we have entered what appears to be an intact Late Archaic/Early Woodland midden in our excavation block.  If my initial diagnosis is correct, we're now (literally) scraping the top of a buried occupation zone that dates to around 1000 BC (i.e., about 3000 radiocarbon years before present, give or take). We've encountered this zone at about 95-100 cm below datum, which translates to roughly 65-70 cm below surface in the block. There is no sign of a heavy occupation zone in the existing vertical profile wall at that depth, so we may be dealing with something that is fairly limited in size (or at least was not distributed evenly across the ground surface that was present 3000 years ago). In that regard, this was a bit of a surprise, but it's the good kind of surprise: we're learning more about the kinds, dates, and extents of deposits at this site with every shovel-full of dirt.

​First, the "downstairs." We were without Jim Legg, so work was paused on the profile wall excavation (Unit 9). Two students finished up level 4 of Unit 7, the 1m x 2m unit being excavated to explore below the exposed profile. As I wrote last week, Unit 7 succeeded in locating the termination (or at least a hiatus in) the lamellae that presumably formed as a result of a process of particle migration/accumulation caused by water percolation. In other words, the end of the lamellae may be telling us something about the position of the water table. 
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Unit 7 excavated to the base of level 4.
I'm not done with Unit 7 (I want to take it as far down as I can, as long as things are safe), but I needed to shift people up to the block to finally start excavating Unit 3. Unit 3 is the northeastern 2m x 2m unit in the block.  It has so far remained untouched. As the other units in the block get deeper, they are getting more difficult to enter and exit safely (and without putting stress on the walls). So we began excavating the eastern half of Unit 3 to serve as a step down in the other units. Now that we know the top two zones are plowzones, we can excavate them as natural levels. So it was a return to battling roots for DuVal and a couple of lucky students.
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Work in progress in the block. Units 4 an 6 (right side of photo) are in level 8 (90-100 cm below datum). Unit 5 (front left) is into "good" deposits below zone 2, continuing the shovel-skimming piece-plot methodology. The east half of Unit 3 (back left) is being excavated to make a step.
Things got interesting in the block fairly quickly. Mid-morning, the students working in Unit 6 (shovel scraping through the last bits of their level 7, 75-90 cmbd) exposed a projectile point in the floor of the level. Their instructions for this level were to shovel scrape/skim at moderate speed, watching for stains and color changes and inspecting artifacts they encountered but only marking things for piece-plotting if they were large and/or interesting (i.e., diagnostic artifacts). I'm really happy that the student caught the point in the floor and it was left in place, as it gives us our first lithic diagnostic down in context in the block.
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I think it's a Late Archaic / Early Woodland stemmed form, what we might call "Gary" in the Midcontinent but what is commonly known as "Mack" here. At first glance, the point has the basal shape of a Morrow Mountain (a Middle Archaic form), but I think it's much too high in the deposits to be that old. There is some unfortunate morphological overlap between Early Woodland and Middle Archaic point forms here. I'm going to be exceedingly lazy and just paste in a few paragraphs from Daniel Elliot and Ken Sassaman's (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone (pages 44 and 45): 
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The Early Woodland period is not something that I've studied extensively, but that may have to change. I was first made aware the issue of morphological overlap between stemmed points from the Middle Archaic and Early Woodland periods (leading to problems identifying points that are not from secure archaeological contexts -- i.e., the vast majority of points) at a party last year, talking to a someone with far more experience in this region than me. I filed her observation away to think about later. I guess now is later.  

Anyway, our work at this site could potentially end up being useful in helping to understand what's going on during the Early Woodland here, both in terms of lithic technology and cultural/social behavior. The zone that we're getting into in the block (partway through Zone 3) probably corresponds to the large pit features exposed in the profile wall. If we don't find any features in the block at this depth, it is only going to increase my desire to rescue what is left of those features from the profile. That would entail excavating a roughly 3m x 3m unit down from the top of deposits -- not a trivial undertaking. It would give us three more meters of vertical profile and would expose the remainder of the features in plan view. It would be a big time/energy commitment, and I don't think I can get it done during the field school. I may change my mind, however. 
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My profile of the irregular machine cut, showing features originating in Zone 3. If my diagnosis is correct, those features probably date to the Late Archaic / Early Woodland.
After documenting the base of level 7 (at 90 cmbd), the students in Units 4 and 6 moved into the excavation of level 8. At the base of level 7 in Unit 6, the sediment appeared to be darker in the southeast corner of the unit. The boundary was too diffuse to define it as a feature, though, so I had the students map and describe it as a separate sediment zone. Scraping the floor at the beginning of level 8 immediately produced a good amount of material in that corner, including another point with a contracting stem. In Unit 6, they started encountering some large pieces of fire-cracked rock and lots of flaking debris. At first I thought we were might be coming down on a couple of features (one in each unit). After investigating further, however, it appeared more likely that we were just hitting the irregular top of a continuous zone that probably extends across the entire block. It was time to put on the brakes and return to a slower, more intensive piece-plotting strategy. Given that all the students have now experienced the joys of piece-plotting by hand, I'll probably fire up the total station next time we're out and begin using it to collect piece-plot coordinates electronically. 

Excavations in Unit 5 are a currently about 20 cm behind those in Units 4 and 6. Given what we now know is on the horizon for Unit 5, my plan is to continue the intensive piece-plotting excavations in that unit all the way down. At 75 cmbd, there's a possible feature to deal with (it looks fairly similar to Feature 6, the small charcoal-flecked basin we excavated in Unit 6 last week). The large, plow-sheared rock in Unit 5 remains in the floor, as we still haven't reached the surface that it's sitting on (thankfully, no-one has tripped over it yet). It will be interesting to see what, if anything, is around it when we reach the depth that would have been the surface when it was deposited.
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Excavations in progress in the block. It's starting to get a little crowded in there with everything and everyone going at once.
Finally, we encountered our third serpent of this field school: a tiny snake that was sleeping under one of our plywood edge protectors. I moved it to a safe spot.
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Broad River Archaeological Field School: Day 7 (2/24/2017)

3/1/2017

10 Comments

 
Last Friday marked the halfway point of the field school. We have accomplished a lot in seven days of work, and it's a pleasure to watch the students continue to become more and more comfortable and competent with the strategies, methods, and techniques of basic archaeological excavation.

In the "upstairs" portion of the site, excavations in Units 4 and 6 continued into the deposits beneath Zone 2. In Unit 6, we dealt with a small feature (designated Feature 6) that appeared beneath Zone 2.

A cultural "feature" is basically an immovable artifact -- an "in place" deposit created by human activity. In this part of the world, cultural features include the remains of such things as hearths, storage pits, cooking pits, postholes, burials, etc. Because intact features contain a record of a discrete set of human activities that occurred over a relatively short span of time, they hold valuable clues about what people were actually doing at a site. We love features because they give us specific information that other kinds of deposits cannot.
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Feature 6 in plan view prior to excavation, with lines scribed for mapping. The inner zone of the feature consisted of a circular/elliptical stain that contained a moderate density of charcoal. The outer zone was probably a "bleed" area created by natural processes (worms, insects, and roots) mixing parts of the feature with the surrounding sediment. The nails and string mark the line along which the feature will be excavated and profiled.
As you can see from the photo above, Feature 6 was a rather unspectacular stained area that contained a moderate amount of charcoal. We used standard feature excavating techniques to document and remove the feature: (1) mapped and described it in plan view; (2) bisected it to expose a profile, screening the sediment through 1/4" mesh; (3) documented the profile; (4) removed the remaining portion of the feature as a flotation sample. There wasn't much cultural material in the feature, but there were lots of large chunks of charcoal. In profile the feature appeared to be a shallow basin with a fairly regular shape, and there was no evidence that it was a root stain or rodent burrow.
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Students excavating and documenting Feature 6.
The excavation to expose Feature 6 in profile went down to about 90 cmbd (centimeters below datum), so that seemed like a good target for the bottom of level 7 in Units 4 and 6. By the end of the day, Unit 6 was well on the way to being there, with no sign of cultural features. We're using a shovel-scraping methodology that, hopefully, strikes a good balance between speed and control. I want to go slow enough to recognize cultural features if they're present, but fast enough to end up with some good data on what we're dealing with as far as the horizontal and vertical distribution of prehistoric materials.
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Work in progress in the block.
Meanwhile, Unit 5 -- the third 2m x 2m unit in the "upstairs" block -- finally got to the base of Zone 2. If there was any remaining doubt that Zone 2 was plowed, those doubts were removed by a large stone exposed at the interface of Zones 2 and 3 in Unit 5.  This rock -- the biggest one I've seen at the site so far -- was undoubtedly brought to the site by prehistoric peoples. While the rock is resting securely in situ in Zone 3 sediments, its top has been sheared off and scraped multiple times by a plow (individual plow scars are visible). If there was ever "smoking gun" evidence of plowing, this is it.
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Large rock at the interface of Zones 2 and 3 in Unit 5. The rock is in situ, and the top has been scraped by plowing.
Meanwhile, in the "downstairs" portion of the site, work resumed on the excavation of Unit 9 (the 1m x 3m unit placed to extend the profile wall. As excavations near the top of the (supposed) Middle/Late Archaic zone, Jim Legg dazzled the students with yet another paisley shirt. Work also continued in Unit 7, a 1m x 2m unit being excavated to explore what lies beneath the exposed profile.
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Work in progress in Unit 9 (left) and Unit 7 (lower right).
The last level of Unit 7 contained very little material. It did reveal, however, that the lamellae (the dark bands of sediment caused by the downward migration and accumulation of clay particles) appear to end rather suddenly. The base sediment remains coarse sand. It's possible that the abrupt ending of the lamellae is telling us something about the level of the water table: saturated sediment would presumably not facilitate the downward migration of clay particles. This will be something we can investigate with sediment analysis once we've got a nice profile exposed that we can sample. In the meantime, I've got my fingers crossed that we don't get a significant rainfall that presses the pause button on Unit 7.
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